Texas Holdem Odds and Pot Odds

Winning Texas holdem poker players have to have a solid understanding of odds and pot odds.

Many inexperienced players make the mistake of assuming odds and pot odds are the same thing. While the two things are related, they aren't the same.

The first thing you're going to learn is what odds and pot odds are, how to quickly calculate them, and how to use them to improve your results at the table. Then you'll find an extensive list of examples so you can practice what you've learned.

It's a good idea to bookmark this page so you can come back and go over the examples frequently. The more times you go over them the better your ability will be to make the correct decisions at the holdem table.

The best way to develop strong odds and pot odds calculating skills is to study this page and then use what you've learned in live Texas holdem play. You'll make mistakes as you play, but every time you make one make a mental note or write it down.

Then study these situations after the game to see where you made a mistake and learn how to avoid making the same mistake in the future.

A mistake that many new Texas holdem players make is not learning about odds and pot odds because they're afraid of the math or that it's too hard. While both items do involve some math, it isn't difficult once you understand it.

More importantly, the most common odds and pot odds situations happen frequently so you'll quickly memorize the important situations and won't have to calculate many hands while playing.

You'll also learn a few quick tricks and tips that the pros know to help you make fast decisions in the middle of a hand.

Odds

Odds are a mathematical way of explaining how likely or unlikely something is to happen.

You can use odds in two different formats. The first one is a percentage and the second is a ratio. Some players find percentages easier to work with, but you need to learn how to consider Texas holdem odds as ratios. This is important because when you start using pot odds if your odds are already in ratios it saves a step. If you have the odds in percentages you have to either convert the pot to a percentage or convert the odds from a percentage to a ratio.

If this seems confusing, don't panic. The rest of the page covers odds and pot odds using ratios so you'll learn the best way possible.

Here's an example of how you use odds in Texas holdem.

If you have pocket queens and have already seen the flop and it has no queens, what are the odds a queen will land on the turn?

To determine the correct odds you need to determine how many unseen cards remain in the deck. You've seen your two hole cards and the three board cards. So you've seen five out of 52 cards, leaving 47 unseen cards. You also know that there are two more queens.

This gives a ratio of 2 to 45 or 45 to 2, depending on how you want to list it. Usually the odds against number is listed first, so you'll see 45 to 2 or 45:2.

In simpler terms, this means that on average, if you play this exact situation 47 time that you'll get a queen twice and a card other than a queen 45 times.

If a queen doesn't land on the turn, what are the odds of one landing on the river?

You've seen one more card so two cards are still queens and 44 aren't.

Here's another example.

If you have four to a flush after the flop, what are the odds the turn will make a flush for you?

If you don't complete your flush on the turn the odds change to 37:9 on the river.

But what about the cards in your opponent's hands and the ones that are already in the muck?

Don't make the mistake of thinking that because your opponents have seen their cards that you don't count them in your calculations. The only numbers that matter are the number of cards you've seen and the number of cards you haven't seen.

Sometimes the card or some of the cards you need are in other player's hands or in the muck, but it doesn't matter. The cards you need are just as likely to be in the remaining cards to be dealt and in the long run they'll be in any particular location an equal number of times based on the probabilities.

The way many players visualize this is by assigning each place in the deck of cards a number, 1 through 52. As the deck is ready to have the first card dealt the top card is number 1 and the second card is number 2 down to the bottom card being number 52.

As the cards are dealt, burned, folded, etc. more cards are used from the top of the deck. It doesn't matter what happens to each card or if you see it or not.

In the long run each card has an equal chance to be number 1, number 36, number 52, or any other number. Over millions of hands each individual card will be in each of the 52 places the same number of times.

This means that if you need the ace of clubs to complete your hand it's an unseen card and doesn't matter where it's located during the current stack. Over the long run it'll be in each of the 52 positions an equal number of times, so all you can do is work with the seen and unseen cards.

You can also use odds to determine the likelihood of other things happening during a hand.

What are the odds that the first card you're dealt is an ace?

You know the deck has 52 cards and four aces, so the odds of the first card you receive being an ace are 48:4. This can be reduced to 12:1. You reduce ratios by dividing the same number into both numbers. In this case you divide both 48 and 4 by 4.

Another way to look at this is 1 out of every 13 cards on average is an ace. This makes sense because each suit has 13 cards and one of them is an ace.

Ratios are important because you use them when determining pot odds. You'll learn more about pot odds in the next section.

But if you want to know the odds of things like getting dealt pocket aces you need to use a different kind of probability.

Before teaching you about this type of probability you need to make sure you want to try to learn it. If you're getting confused or worried about all of this math, skip to the pot odds section. It builds on what you've already learned and you don't have to know anything about this next part in order to be a master Texas holdem player.

The main difference is you need to look at the possibilities of how many events out of how many possibilities instead of the positive verses the negative. This is easier to understand using an example.

As you've already seen when you determine a ratio or odds you compare the cards that can help you and the ones that can't. When you determine the possibility of getting dealt pocket aces you need to use the number of cards that can help achieve this out of the total number of cards.

So the odds of getting an ace as the first card are 4 out of 52 and as your second card are 3 out of 51. After the first card there are only 51 remaining cards in the deck and only 3 remaining aces.

Here's why this distinction is important. To get the actual chances of being dealt pocket aces you put 4 over 52, like a fraction, and 3 over 51 and multiply them.

This gives you the chances of being dealt pocket aces as 220 to 1.

When you multiply the fractions you get 12 over 2,652, which reduce to 1 over 221. This is then made back into a ratio like discussed above. 1 time you receive pocket aces and 220 times you don't, so the odds are 220 to 1.

Outs

Once you understand how odds work, the next thing you must understand is how to determine how many outs you have in any situation where you need to understand your pot odds.

You combine your knowledge of odds with the number of outs and the amount in the pot and of the bet you're facing to figure out your pot odds.

Your outs are the cards that improve your hand enough to win the pot. Rarely can you be 100% sure about every one of your outs, but in most situations you can make an educated guess.

One of the most common situations concerning outs is when you have four to a flush on the flop. This leaves nine outs to complete the flush. Each suit has 13 cards and you have four of them, leaving nine outs.

But will each of the nine cards guarantee a win?

Rarely is anything guaranteed at the holdem table. If the board pairs and you hit your flush you can still lose to a full house. If you don't have an ace high flush you might lose to a higher flush.

When you're trying to determine how many outs you have, try to make a realistic guess on how many will actually win the hand.

You need to use everything that has happened in the hand so far, what you know about your opponents, and the range of hands your opponent is likely holding to make your best estimate.

This information is directly related to the level of competition you're facing and the limits of the table.

When you're trying to determine your number of outs you can adjust the number based on different factors. If you have 10 outs but think that 10% of the time your opponent will hold a better hand anyway you can adjust your outs to nine when using it for your pot odds calculation.

This can get quite complicated, but as you gain experience and get better at reducing the range of possible hands your opponent holds your outs determination will improve.

If you knew exactly what your opponent held you could determine your exact number of outs every time.

To complicate your outs computation further, the more opponents who remain in the hand the more difficult it can be to make an accurate outs guess.

If you're in a hand with an ace and a seven and three other opponents and an ace lands on the flop do you have the best hand? If not how likely is it you can improve to win the hand?

In many games you need to be worried that one of your opponents also has an ace and her kicker is likely better than yours. You probably need to make two pair to have a chance to win, but what are the odds she'll also hit two pair? One of your opponents may already have two pair or a set.

In a no limit game this hand is rarely profitable, because if you do hit two pair the only way you usually get enough action to make it possibly profitable is when another player has a better hand. It can be profitable in a few limit games, but usually a hand like this needs to be folded before the flop to keep from getting into an uncertain situation like the one I described.

It's impossible to cover every situation you'll run into concerning outs. Do the best you can to determine your real outs and learn to adjust your counts as you gain experience. You can use the examples of outs in the examples section below to practice and learn how to think about each situation.

Pot Odds

Pot odds are what Texas holdem players use to determine if calling or folding is the correct course of action when facing a bet. They're mostly used on the flop, turn, and river.

While it's possible to consider pot odds before the flop, most players focus on their position and starting hand strength for most of their pre flop decisions. This is the correct way to play and more profitable than thinking about pre flop pot odds so this section deals almost entirely with post flop play.

Once you master every other aspect of pre flop play you can consider thinking about pot odds before the flop, but only rarely will it prove profitable.

Of course you need to learn how to correctly use pot odds in both limit and no limit play, but the easiest way for a beginner to start learning about them is with a simple limit game example. Considerations for limit and no limit play are covered in a section later on this page.

This is a perfect example of one of the situations mentioned in the outs section above. Unless the board pairs, if you hit a flush you're guaranteed to win the hand. Even if the board pairs, you'll win most of the time. You'll win some of the time when you hit an ace, but not all of the time.

In this situation the safest way to play is ignore everything except the flush draw at this point for your outs. The closest to true outs you probably have are 10. The 9 flush outs and an additional out for the times you win when an ace hits.

The problem is you don't know when an ace helps you and when it simply costs you more money.

Let' continue with the example using the 9 outs for the flush.

The small blind bets $2 into the pot, two players fold and one other player calls, leaving a total of $14 in the pot. You have to call the bet of $2 so the pot is offering odds of 14 to 2, or 7 to 1. This means if your odds of hitting your hand are better than 7 to 1 it's the correct play mathematically to call.

Your odds are 38 to 9, or roughly 4.2 to 1. This means you have a much better chance to hit your flush than it costs you to call. You'll still only hit the flush 1 out of every 5 times you're in this situation, but the amount you win for the call of $2 offers 7 times the investment, making it clearly profitable in the long run.

What if the first player bet $2 and the other remaining player raised to $4?

This makes the total in the pot $16 and you have to call a bet of $4, giving you pot odds of 4 to 1. Your odds of hitting your hand are still 4.2 to 1, so now it shows a call may be slightly less than break even in the long run.

But don't forget the player that made the original bet of $2. She'll probably call the raise enough times to make it worth calling. If you know she's going to call the pot is offering 18 to 4, or 4.5 to 1 pot odds.

One of the big problems with a hand like a flush draw is you rarely get a great deal of action after you hit your hand. Some hands are more concealed and offer the chance to win more when you hit your hand. This is covered in the implied odds section below.

So far we've only covered situations immediately following the flop. Once the turn card is dealt you have to do the same thing for the river to determine the best course of action using pot odds.

Of course you have both the turn and river to hit your outs, but when you determine your pot odds you should only consider the turn or try to correctly guess how much it'll cost to play both the turn and river and the amount of the total pot including both bets and the bets of your opponents.

You can learn how to do this fairly accurately and it involves implied odds, but until you master pot odds and outs you should focus on each section of the hand by itself. Focus on becoming the best turn player possible, then the best river player possible before trying to combine the two.

What about the money you put in the pot before the flop?

In the example above you put $2 in the pot before the flop, so why don't you factor it in your calculation? The truth is you're using it in your calculations already, but it's already in the pot so it's not yours any more. The only way you get it back is by winning.

Shortcuts

One of the fastest ways to learn to use pot odds is to memorize how many outs you have in certain situations. Here's a list of common situations and how many outs they have.

Another shortcut that many players find useful also involves the number of outs. Once you determine how many outs you have you can multiply it by two to get an idea of the percentage chance you have of hitting your hand on the turn. You can also multiply by two after the turn to get an idea of your chances on the river.

You can multiply by four to determine your chances on the turn and river combined.

Notice that the statement was you could get a close idea or general idea. These are estimates, not exact numbers.

The actual percentage of hitting the flush on the turn is 19.1%, not 18% and the exact chance on the turn or river is 35%, not 36%.

You have to have at least 14 outs after the flop in order to be the favorite to hit your hand on the turn or river. With 14 outs the exact percentage is 51.2%

Here's a chart with the percentages based on the number of your outs on the turn and on the turn and river and how these percentages relate to the odds.

It's important to understand how to use this information in relation to pot odds like you learned above.

The most common example is if you face an all in bet on the flop. If you ignore everything else like the size of the pot, if you have 14 or more outs you're favored to win the hand.

If the pot has $200 in it before your opponent bets and the all in bet is $100, you're receiving 3 to 1 pot odds so if you have seven or more outs you need to call.

You can print this table and keep it with you as you play online. As you look up different situations you'll start remembering the outs and odds and soon you won't need to use the sheet to make the best plays.

Limit Versus No Limit Play

Though many players act like there's a huge difference between limit and no limit play when it comes to pot odds, the truth is everything is the same.

The only difference is the size of the bets, but that doesn't change the way you determine the outs, odds, and pot odds. It only changes the amount in the pot and the amount of the possible bets.

Some situations are so close that it's hard to tell if calling or folding is the correct play based on the pot odds. When this happens it's often helpful to consider the possibilities of the size of the pot during the rest of the hand. You'll learn more about this in the next section.

Implied Odds

Implied odds are the odds of winning more than the current bet when you hit your hand.

When you hit your hand on the turn you have additional opportunities to win money from your opponent. If you miss your hand on the river you can fold, but you might be able to win an additional bet from your opponent when you hit your hand.

When you start trying to figure out implied odds you need to be able to guess how likely it is that your opponent will make or call additional bets when you hit your hand.

When you're drawing to a flush it's usually obvious to your opponent that you may have completed it because three cards of the same suit are on the board. But when you hit a straight or a set it's usually more difficult for your opponent to see what you hit.

If your opponent understands pot odds the good news is by the time you hit your flush the pot will be large enough that she should call most bets. But when you hit a straight or other hidden hand you'll be able to get your opponent to call additional bets most of the time.

In limit play most players call a single bet on the river even if they're sure they're beat. It's a little more complicated in no limit. The key is to learn how to size your bets to make your opponent call when you hit your hand and be able to avoid the same thing happening to you when you miss your draw.

Here's an example.

You have a suited ace and queen, paired the queen on a king high flop, and missed the flush draw on the river. The pot has $1,000 in it and you've been calling an aggressive player the entire hand. You only have a pair of queens and the odds are strongly against you having the best hand.

How big of a bet will you call on the river?

Believe it or not, this question has a mathematical answer, but you have to guess how often you'll have the best hand.

Roughly, if you think you have a 10% chance of winning the hand you'd call a $100 bet.

The way you determine the correct amount based on your chances of winning is by putting yourself in the situation 100 times.

Realize that the $12,000 includes the money you use to call the bet. The reason you have to include it is because you use it to determine the $10,000 needed to call. The actual percentage you need to win is only 9% of the time to show a profit, but using 10% is much easier to work with in your head.

You only have to win 25% of the time to call a $500 bet to break even. You can figure this the same way as you did the 10% above, but let's look at it a different way. The $500 bet makes the pot $1,500 and you have to call $500. This makes the pot odds 3 to 1 so you only need to win 1 out of every 4 times, or 25%, to break even.

The truth is that when you get enough experience you won't really use the math as much as your instinct and what you know about your opponent. You have to call occasionally in this situation to show you can't be pushed around, but you can't afford to call a very big wager and be wrong very often either.

Examples

The easiest way to learn about odds, outs, and pot odds for most people is to read how to determine them and then practice them. This section is filled with examples split into three areas.

You'll find real life examples of odds, outs, and pot odds. Each one has a situation for you to practice what you've just learned.

The situations are listed first, and then the solutions are included below so you won't see the answers until you scroll down the page.

Some Final Words

No matter how hard it seems at first, learning how to use odds, pot odds, and outs is worth it in the long run. If you're having trouble keeping everything straight, go over the qui part of this page every day and print the chart and start using it.

Once you learn how to use the things you've learned on this page at the Texas holdem tables you'll quickly see an improvement in your profitability.